Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films are amorphous metastable carbon form that provide interesting mechanical and tribological properties. The role of film thickness influence upon wear and mechanical properties is of interest and not yet fully reported. In this study, two samples of previously plasma nitrocarburized, quenched and tempered H13 steel were duplex treated. First, a physical vapor deposition (PVD) chromium nitride (CrN) layer was applied, followed by a top final diamond-like carbon layer applied by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). To evaluate thicknesses influence on mechanical and wear properties of coatings, samples were treated using two different thicknesses of both layers. In this study, the thickest CrN and DLC case presented higher hardness and better tribological properties, however, its failure occurs in brittle fashion.

The objective of this work is the evaluation of hydrogen effects on the martensitic transformation and strain hardening in Duplex Stainless Steels (DSS) SAF 2205 (UNS S32205/S31803). DSS are two-phase alloys (austenite and ferrite), which are used for applications requiring high mechanical strength, in corrosive environments. Therefore, it is necessary a better understanding of the phenomena involved on the hydrogen embrittlement. For this, in situ measurements of X-ray diffraction were made during tensile test in H2 cathodically charging DSS 2205. The hydrogen charging reduces the stress relaxation, reducing the ductility and suppressing the hydrogen-induced austenitic to martensitic transformation. In addition, it also reduces the strain hardening (dislocation multiplication) in austenite. The strain hardening seems to have a higher influence than martensitic transformation on fracture process, even in absence of hydrogen.

The production of tribological nanoscale multilayer CrN/NbN coatings up to 6 µm thick by Sputtering/HIPIMS has been reported in literature. However, high demanding applications, such as internal combustion engine parts, need thicker coatings (>30 µm). The production of such parts by sputtering would be economically restrictive due to low deposition rates. In this work, nanoscale multilayer CrN/NbN coatings were produced in a high-deposition rate, industrial-size, Cathodic Arc Physical Vapor Deposition (ARC-PVD) chamber, containing three cathodes in alternate positions (Cr/Nb/Cr). Four 30 µm thick NbN/CrN multilayer coatings with different periodicities (20, 10, 7.5 and 4 nm) were produced. The coatings were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The multilayer coating system was composed of alternate cubic rock-salt CrN and NbN layers, coherently strained due to lattice mismatch. The film grew with columnar morphology through the entire stratified structure. The periodicities adopted were maintained throughout the entire coating. The 20 nm periodicity coating showed separate NbN and CrN peaks in the XRD patterns, while for the lower periodicity (≤10nm) coatings, just one intermediate lattice (d-spacing) was detected. An almost linear increase of hardness with decreasing bilayer period indicates that interfacial effects can dominate the hardening mechanisms.

Solid solutions alloys may have their annealing behavior affected by solute concentration. Mathematical models assume complex equations with parameters of hard and tedious assessment making empirical tests rather necessary. This work evaluated the residual iron content (from ~100 ppm to ~600 ppm) influence on annealing of a cartridge brass. Dilatometry results showed an anomaly expansion peak on the onset of recrystallization. However, at the end of the annealing process the samples underwent a contraction of 4.68-7.51x10-4, comparable with literature. The residual iron content had no influence on recrystallization behavior of the samples, although solute drag effect clearly slowed down grain growth at 600 ppm Fe concentration, especially when annealing happens up to 500ºC. The dilatometric variations between the samples and the anomaly expansion peak during recrystallization were considered as resulting from grain growth of recrystallized nanosized grains and/or from second phase transformations. New tests are proposed to elucidate the phenomena behind observations.

The degradation of AISI 304L stainless steel under static corrosion, liquid impingement and corrosion-erosion was studied using polarization curves. Static corrosion and liquid impingement tests were performed in 3.5% NaCl solution. Corrosion-erosion tests were performed in the same solution, containing 10 wt-% of three different SiO2 particle sizes. Synergism between erosion and corrosion was correlated to shifts in the polarization curves. The passive current densities increased and the pitting potential decreased for liquid impingement and with addition of SiO2 particles to the electrolyte. Increasing the particle size led to a greater increase in the current densities, although the pitting potential did not significantly changed. The effects of erosion on corrosion are discussed in terms of the passive film breakdown and reformation.

O aço inoxidável austenítico AISI 316L e o aço inoxidável duplex AISI F51 (EN 1.4462) foram cementados sob plasma-DC na temperatura de 480ºC, utilizando-se CH4 como gás de arraste. A cementação sob plasma à baixa temperatura conduziu a uma elevada supersaturação do reticulado cristalino em carbono com a formação de austenita expandida(γC), sem a precipitação de carbonetos. A dureza do aço 316L, após a cementação, atingiu um valor máximo de 1000 HV, devido à supersaturação de ∼ 13 at% de carbono e à expansão do reticulado cristalino CFC. Para o aço inoxidável duplex AISI F51, os grãos de austenita se transformaram em austenita expandida pelo carbono e os grãos de ferrita se transformaram para ferrita expandida com a precipitação de carbonetos do tipo M23C6, na camada cementada. A dureza da camada cementada, no aço F51, atingiu 1600HV, devido ao efeito combinado da expansão dos reticulados cristalinos da austenita e da ferrita com a precipitação fina e dispersa de carbonetos M23C6.

In this work an austenitic AISI 316L and a duplex AISI F51 (EN 1.4462) stainless steel were DC-Plasma carburized at 480ºC, using CH4 as carbon carrier gas. For the austenitic AISI 316L stainless steel, low temperature plasma carburizing induced a strong carbon supersaturation in the austenitic lattice and the formation of carbon expanded austenite (γC) without any precipitation of carbides. The hardness of the carburized AISI 316L steel reached a maximum of 1000 HV due to ∼13 at% carbon supersaturation and expansion of the FCC lattice. For the duplex stainless steel AISI F51, the austenitic grains transformed to carbon expanded austenite (γC), the ferritic grains transformed to carbon expanded ferrite (αC) and M23C6 type carbides precipitated in the nitrided case. Hardness of the carburized case of the F51 duplex steel reached 1600 HV due to the combined effects of austenite and ferrite lattice expansion with a fine and dispersed precipitation of M23C6 carbides.

Stainless steel samples with 100% austenitic microstructure and alloyed with 0.9 wt-% of nitrogen in solid solution were tested under vibratory cavitation experiments in distilled water to study the cavitation-erosion wear (EC) at grain size level (mesoscale). Fully austenitic samples were obtained by high temperature gas nitriding (HTGN) a commercially available dúplex stainless steel, UNS S31803. The samples were characterized by electron backscattering diffraction, EBSD to obtain the crystalline orientation of individual grains. In addition, mass loss measurements were obtained and surface damage evolution was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at different times of the test. These results were analyzed as a function of the prior crystallographic characterization. For comparison, a conventional austenitic stainless steel, UNS S30403, was also investigated. It was observed that both the nucleation and the growth of damage are heterogeneous at the grain-size scale due to mesoscale plasticity anisotropy, induced during the CE tests. The heterogeneous character of the cavitation damage is related to both the grain boundary character and the microtexture inside the grains.

Muestras de acero inoxidable con estructura austenítica y contenido aproximado de nitrógeno de 0,9% en peso en solución sólida fueron sometidas a ensayos de cavitación vibratoria en agua destilada, con el fin de estudiar la evolución del desgaste erosivo por cavitación (EC) a escala del tamaño de grano (mesoescala). Las muestras fueron obtenidas por medio de nitruración gaseosa a alta temperatura (HTGN) del acero inoxidable dúplex UNS S31803, las cuales fueron caracterizadas por difracción de electrones retroproyectados (EBSD), a fin de obtener información de la orientación cristalina de los granos en la superficie a ser cavitada. La técnica de microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM), fue usada para acompañar el proceso de desgaste para diferentes tiempos de ensayo. Como resultados de los ensayos de cavitación se determinó la pérdida de masa y se hizo un estudio secuencial de la apariencia superficial de las muestras para determinar los mecanismos de desgaste operantes en cada etapa. Los resultados fueron analizados a la luz de la caracterización cristalográfica previa. Para propósitos de comparación, fue usado el acero austenítico convencional UNS S30403. A partir de los resultados se observó que tanto la nucleación del daño como su evolución se dan de forma heterogénea a escala del tamaño de grano, resultado atribuido a la anisotropía en la deformación plástica. El carácter heterogéneo del daño por cavitación fue atribuido principalmente a las características de los límites de grano y a la microtextura dentro de los granos.

Os aços inoxidáveis austeníticos possuem restrições para a nitretação nas temperaturas convencionais, próximas de 550ºC, devido à precipitação intensa de nitretos de cromo na zona de difusão. Essa precipitação eleva a dureza, mas deteriora as propriedades de corrosão. O uso do processo de nitretação sob plasma permite introduzir nitrogênio em temperaturas inferiores a 450ºC, levando à formação de uma fina camada de austenita expandida pelo nitrogênio (gN). Essa fase possui uma estrutura cristalina mais bem representada pelo reticulado triclínico, com elevada concentração de nitrogênio em solução sólida supersaturada, a qual promove um estado de tensões residuais de compressão capaz de elevar a dureza do substrato de 4 GPa para valores próximos de 14 GPa. O Módulo de Elasticidade mantém-se próximo de 200 GPa após a nitretação.

Austenitic stainless steels cannot be conventionally nitrided at temperatures near 550°C due to the intense precipitation of chromium nitrides in the diffusion zone. The precipitation of chromium nitrides increases the hardness but severely impairs corrosion resistance. Plasma nitriding allows introducing nitrogen in the steel at temperatures below 450°C, forming pre-dominantly expanded austenite (gN), with a crystalline structure best represented by a special triclinic lattice, with a very high nitrogen atomic concentration promoting high compressive residual stresses at the surface, increasing substrate hardness from 4 GPa up to 14 GPa on the nitrided case.

Amostras do aço inoxidável UNS S31803, nitretadas em alta temperatura, com 0,9 % de nitrogênio em solução sólida foram submetidas a ensaios de cavitação vibratória em água destilada. As amostras foram, previamente, caracterizadas por meio de difração de elétrons retroespalhados, EBSD, num microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV). Posteriormente, durante os ensaios de cavitação, o dano superficial das amostras foi, periodicamente, avaliado por observação no MEV das superfícies desgastadas. O aço austenítico convencional UNS S30403 foi usado como material de comparação. Nas primeiras etapas dos ensaios de cavitação, ocorreu deformação plástica da superfície, que pôde ser caracterizada como altamente heterogênea na escala do tamanho de grão. Em etapas posteriores, ocorreu perda de massa por desprendimento de partículas de desgaste (debris), como conseqüência de fadiga de baixo ciclo. O início do dano ocorreu tanto no interior dos grãos como nos contornos de grão; os contornos de macla mostraram as regiões mais suscetíveis. Os grãos com planos (101) orientados aproximadamente paralelos à superfície das amostras apresentaram maior resistência ao desgaste que os grãos com outras orientações cristalográficas. A maior resistência ao desgaste dos grãos com textura (101) || superfície foi atribuída a uma menor tensão projetada para deformar, plasticamente, esses grãos. A diminuição da referida tensão se dá em função das tensões impostas na superfície cavitada pela implosão de bolhas de vapor.

Specimens of a UNS S31803 steel were submitted to high temperature gas nitriding and then to vibratory pitting wear tests. Nitrided samples displayed fully austenitic microstructures and 0.9 wt. % nitrogen contents. Prior to pitting tests, sample texture was characterized by electron backscattering diffraction, EBSD. Later on, the samples were tested in a vibratory pit testing equipment using distilled water. Pitting tests were periodically interrupted to evaluate mass loss and to characterize the surface wear by SEM observations. At earlier pit erosion, stages intense and highly heterogeneous plastic deformation inside individual grains was observed. Later on, after the incubation period, mass loss by debris detachment was observed. Initial debris micro fracturing was addressed to low cycle fatigue. Damage started at both sites, inside the grains and grain boundaries. The twin boundaries were the most prone to mass-loss incubation. Grains with (101) planes oriented near parallel to the sample surface displayed higher wear resistance than grains with other textures. This was attributed to lower resolved stresses for plastic deformation inside the grains with (101) || surface texture.

En este trabajo se evalúa el comportamiento de un acero inoxidable martensítico AISI 410 sometido a condiciones de desgaste de erosión-corrosión. Los ensayos de desgaste se realizaron en muestras templadas y revenidas, en un equipo de chorro de baja velocidad, en el que se acopló un potenciostato para obtener curvas de polarización potenciodinámica con el electrolito en reposo, en condiciones de flujo y en erosión-corrosión adicionando partículas de cuarzo al electrolito. Adicionalmente se realizaron mediciones de pérdida de masa en condiciones de erosión y erosión-corrosión. La topografía de las superficies se evaluó usando microscopía óptica y electrónica de barrido. Esta información, conjuntamente con los resultados de pérdida de masa y de los ensayos electroquímicos, se usó para establecer los mecanismos de degradación del material en las diferentes condiciones de ensayo. De los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo se observó que el sinergismo es una parte muy significativa de la degradación de este acero (66.5%) y que el proceso fundamental de remoción de material puede clasificarse como corrosión acelerada por erosión.

In this work, the behavior of an AISI 410 martensitic stainless steel under corrosion-erosion conditions is evaluated. Quenched and tempered samples were used for the wear test, using a low velocity jet-like device connected to a potentiostat. Potentiodynamic polarization curves were obtained with the electrolyte in static state, with flow conditions and under corrosion-erosion, adding quartz particles to the electrolyte. In addition, mass loss measurements under erosion and corrosion-erosion conditions were carried out. The topography of the surfaces was examined after the wear tests, using optical and scanning electron microscopy. This information, together with the results of mass losses and the electrochemical tests were used to establish the degradation mechanisms of the stainless steels under different testing conditions. The results showed that synergism is a significant part of the degradation process of this steel (66.5%) and that the mass removal process of steel was controlled by corrosion assisted by erosion.

Os aços inoxidáveis de alto teor de nitrogênio constituem hoje uma classe promissora de materiais de engenharia. Quando se adiciona nitrogênio aos aços austeníticos, consegue-se aumentar, simultaneamente, a vida em fadiga, a resistência mecânica, a resistência ao desgaste e à corrosão. Nesse trabalho, estudam-se a resistência ao desgaste e a usinabilidade de um aço inoxidável austenítico UNS S30403 nitretado em alta temperatura. A nitretação gasosa em alta temperatura (1200ºC) em atmosferas (N2+Ar) foi realizada para obter amostras com teores crescentes de nitrogênio na superfície, desde 0,05 até aproximadamente 0,45% em peso. Os ensaios de esclerometria foram realizados em um pêndulo instrumentado de um único passe, com possibilidade de medir as forças normais e tangenciais durante o ensaio. A energia específica absorvida foi calculada através da relação entre a energia absorvida no ensaio e a perda de massa observada no ensaio. Observou-se que o aumento do teor de nitrogênio causou um aumento da energia específica absorvida. Os resultados dos ensaios foram analisados levando em consideração o comportamento da curva tensão deformação desses aços, inferida a partir de ensaios de indentação instrumentada, e da energia absorvida em ensaios de impacto Charpy. O aumento da resistência ao risco e a diminuição da usinabilidade devida à adição de nitrogênio foram atribuídos ao forte efeito endurecedor do nitrogênio em solução sólida, sem afetar, significativamente, a taxa de encruamento e a tenacidade.

High nitrogen stainless steels (HNSS) are being considered a new promising class of engineering materials. When nitrogen is added to austenitic steels it can simultaneously improve fatigue life, strength and wear and localized corrosion resistance. In this work, a single pass pendulum scratch test was used to study the effect of nitrogen on the scratch resistance and on the machinability of an UNS S30403 austenitic stainless steel. Samples with increasing nitrogen contents at the surface were obtained through high temperature gas nitriding. The thermochemical treatments were performed at 1473 K in (N2+Ar) gas atmospheres for 36.0 ks, obtaining fully austenitic cases (surface nitrogen contents up to 0.5 wt%) ca. 1.5 mm in depth. The scratch tests were performed in a single-pass pendulum, equipped with strain gages to measure normal and tangential forces during scratching. The specific absorbed energy was calculated as the ratio between the measured absorbed energy and the amount of mass removed from the specimen. An increase of the specific absorbed energy with increasing nitrogen content was observed. The results of the scratch tests were analyzed taking into account the stress-strain behavior during depth sensing indentation tests and the energy absorbed during Charpy impact tests. The improvement in scratch resistance due to nitrogen alloying was attributed to the strong hardening effect of nitrogen in solid solution, which does not affect significantly foundry hardening and toughness. A comparison between the scratch resistance and the pitting-erosion resistance, measured in previous work, was made too.

Depth sensing indentation is a powerful experimental technique for determining mechanical properties of materials. In this work a computational routine was developed based on Oliver-Pharr method for measuring a more precise values of elastic modulus using a Fischerscope H100 depth sensing indentation apparatus, with a Vickers indenter. This computational routine aims also to measure Vickers hardness, as the equipment does not have software for this purpose. From indentation data it was possible to determine initial unloading stiffness, contact depth, projected contact area, reduced modulus, elastic modulus and Vickers hardness of materials. The validity of the routine was verified analyzing two coatings and nine bulk specimens with different elastic-plastic behaviors. It was verified that the elastic moduli determined through the software of the equipment resulted in great discrepancies when low loads were applied. A good estimate of the elastic moduli of the tested materials is given by the developed routine. For several testing loads, the diagonals determined by means of analytical procedure were compared with the same diagonals measured by image analysis. A good estimate of the Vickers hardness of the above-mentioned materials is given by the developed routine using different testing loads.

Thermodynamic calculations of the Fe-Cr-N System in the region of the Gas Phase Equilibria have been compared with experimental results of maximum nitrogen absorption during nitriding of two Martensitic Stainless Steels (a 6 mm thick sheet of AISI 410S steel and green powder compacts of AISI 434L steel) under N2 atmospheres. The calculations have been performed combining the Fe-Cr-N System description contained in the SGTE Solid Solution Database and the gas phase for the N System contained in the SGTE Substances Database. Results show a rather good agreement for total nitrogen absorption in the steel and nitrogen solubility in austenite in the range of temperatures between 1273 K and 1473 K and in the range of pressures between 0.1 and 0.36 MPa. Calculations show that an appropriate choice of heat treatment parameters can lead to optimal nitrogen absorption in the alloy. It was observed in the calculations that an increased pressure stabilizes CrN at expenses of Cr2N - type nitrides.

Understanding and predicting grain growth in Metallurgy is meaningful. Monte Carlo methods have been used in computer simulations in many different fields of knowledge. Grain growth simulation using this method is especially attractive as the statistical behavior of the atoms is properly reproduced; microstructural evolution depends only on the real topology of the grains and not on any kind of geometric simplification. Computer simulation has the advantage of allowing the user to visualize graphically the procedures, even dynamically and in three dimensions. Single-phase alloy grain growth simulation was carried out by calculating the free energy of each atom in the lattice (with its present crystallographic orientation) and comparing this value to another one calculated with a different random orientation. When the resulting free energy is lower or equal to the initial value, the new orientation replaces the former. The measure of time is the Monte Carlo Step (MCS), which involves a series of trials throughout the lattice. A very close relationship between experimental and theoretical values for the grain growth exponent (n) was observed.